TURKEY is actively enhancing its diplomatic and economic influence on the global stage, particularly in Africa, where it recently announced plans to search for oil and gas off Somalia’s coast. Over President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s two decades in power, Turkey has significantly increased its presence on the continent, quadrupling the number of its embassies. Here are five key areas of Turkey’s diplomatic and economic strategies in Africa:
Alternative to the West
With many African nations distancing themselves from their former colonial rulers, Turkey has positioned itself as a viable alternative. Selin Gucum, who authored a study on Turkish interests in Africa for Paris’s Observatory of Contemporary Turkey, noted that Erdogan emphasises the ‘sincerity’ of Turkey’s presence compared to Europe’s colonial legacy. Unlike Western nations, Turkey does not condition its assistance on governance or human rights commitments, offering a more flexible partnership approach.
Defence and security
Turkey has signed numerous defence agreements across Africa, including with Somalia, Libya, Kenya, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Ghana. These agreements have facilitated contracts for Turkish defence manufacturers, especially for their reliable and cost-effective drones. Turkish drones have been supplied to countries such as Chad, Togo, and the junta-led Sahel nations of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, enhancing their fight against terrorism.
Fossil fuels and nuclear energy
Turkey is expanding its footprint in Africa’s energy sector. It plans to launch an oil and gas exploration mission off Somalia’s coast later this year, similar to its activities in Libyan waters. Additionally, Turkey is interested in Niger’s uranium deposits, essential for its future Russian-built Akkuyu nuclear power station, although Turkish diplomats deny these claims. Strengthening ties with Niger’s ruling generals post-coup, Turkey’s intelligence chief, and foreign, energy, and defence ministers visited Niamey recently.
Infrastructure and construction
Turkey is regarded as a reliable partner in construction and infrastructure projects. Turkish companies are known for meeting deadlines and budgets, leading to high demand for their services. In 2023, Turkish contractors participated in $85.5bn worth of projects, including building hospitals, airports, and mosques. Turkish Airlines, with flights to 62 African destinations, and its significant role in Mogadishu’s airport reconstruction, exemplify Turkey’s infrastructure influence.
Religion, education, and media
Turkey has cultivated considerable soft power in Africa through religion, education, and media. The Turkish Maarif Foundation operates 140 schools for 17,000 students, while 60,000 African students study in Turkey. The Directorate of Religious Affairs supports humanitarian activities, mosques, and religious education. Turkish media, including NRT TV and public broadcaster TRT, offer programming in multiple African languages, promoting Turkish culture and values. Turkey’s religious conservatism, particularly its stance against LGBTQ+ rights, resonates with many African nations, bolstering its cultural influence.
In summary, Turkey’s strategic engagement in Africa spans defence, energy, infrastructure, and cultural initiatives, positioning it as a significant player on the continent. Through these multifaceted efforts, Turkey aims to enhance its diplomatic and economic ties, filling the void left by traditional Western powers.
