ACROSS Africa, French flags are burned, military bases shut down overnight, and defence agreements terminated. France, once a dominant power on the continent, faces an unprecedented decline in influence. Senegal and Chad’s recent decisions to sever military ties with Paris epitomise a wider rejection of colonial-era power dynamics.
The closure of a French military base in Senegal is particularly symbolic, given the country’s long-standing stability and alignment with France. President Bassirou Diomaye Faye’s declaration emphasising sovereignty reflects Africa’s growing determination to shed external domination. Similarly, Chad’s termination of defence cooperation highlights the erosion of trust in France, once a key ally in the Sahel. Together, these actions signal a continental rejection of neocolonial structures and a demand for a more equitable future.
The root of the discontent
France’s dominance in Africa traces back to the 17th century, when it established trade posts in Senegal. By the 20th century, France controlled vast territories, embedding its language, culture, and governance into African societies. Policies like the CFA franc currency and continued military involvement further entrenched perceptions of French paternalism. For decades, African leaders educated in French systems often perpetuated these dynamics, despite growing resentment among their populations.
The African public’s discontent stems from France’s economic and military strategies. French businesses long monopolised local markets, while troops stationed to ensure security became symbols of control. In Mali, accusations of French indifference in combating insurgencies fuelled anti-French sentiment. Niger’s military junta expelled French troops shortly after toppling a pro-French government, while Burkina Faso’s leadership questioned France’s motives. These instances form part of what analysts call the ‘anti-French wave,’ a culmination of frustration over decades of perceived exploitation.
The collapse of soft power
France’s influence in Africa extends beyond military and economic involvement. For much of the 20th century, French culture held a dominant position, shaping education, governance, and even lifestyle choices in its former colonies. French remained an official language in many African nations, bolstering a cultural bond that benefitted France diplomatically and economically.
However, this soft power is rapidly eroding. African nations are increasingly prioritising their own languages, cultures, and traditions. In education and media, local languages are gaining prominence, while younger generations embrace English for broader global opportunities. This shift underscores a growing cultural independence, marking the decline of a historical bond that tied Africa to France.
New players on the African stage
As France’s influence wanes, new actors have stepped in to fill the void. Russia, China, and Turkey are among the nations reshaping Africa’s geopolitical landscape. Russia’s Wagner Group provides military support in countries like Mali and Burkina Faso, often offering a stark contrast to French operations. While controversial, these engagements resonate with African governments seeking alternatives to traditional Western partnerships.
China’s footprint in Africa is perhaps the most significant. Between 2010 and 2023, Chinese investments surged by 200 percent, surpassing $200bn annually. These investments span infrastructure, energy, and technology, providing African nations with tangible development gains. In comparison, France’s share of foreign direct investment has steadily declined, reflecting its diminishing relevance.
Turkey has also emerged as a key player. Beyond its economic contributions, including infrastructure projects such as highways and railways, Turkey’s soft power initiatives, such as humanitarian aid and educational programmes, have bolstered its image as a reliable and versatile partner. By offering more balanced partnerships, these nations enable Africa to push back against historical powers like France.
Economic realignment
This geopolitical shift is accompanied by a significant economic realignment. French dominance in African markets is steadily being replaced by diversified partnerships. In sectors like mining, manufacturing, and infrastructure, African leaders are increasingly favouring investments from China, India, and other emerging economies over French firms. This transition not only reduces dependency but also provides leverage for Africa to negotiate better terms.
For France, this economic realignment represents a profound challenge. Its traditional advantages—historical ties, cultural influence, and strategic alliances—are no longer sufficient. Compounded by global competition, France must reinvent its approach to African relations if it hopes to maintain relevance on the continent.
A new era of sovereignty
The tide of change is not just about rejecting France; it is about asserting African agency. Leaders like Senegal’s Faye are championing a vision of sovereignty and dignity, prioritising partnerships that respect Africa’s needs and aspirations. The rejection of neocolonial structures is a key part of this process, but African nations must remain vigilant against over-reliance on new partners who may replicate similar patterns of exploitation.
For France, the loss of influence in Africa is a wake-up call, forcing a re-evaluation of its global strategy. For Africa, this is an opportunity to redefine its future. By leveraging diverse partnerships, prioritising self-reliance, and embracing its cultural and linguistic diversity, the continent can ensure a sustainable and equitable path forward.
The closing doors in Africa are more than a rejection of a former colonial power. They are a declaration of intent by a continent determined to shape its destiny. As Africa reclaims its voice and redefines its partnerships, it is writing a new chapter—one rooted in equality, respect, and a future on its own terms.
